A whistleblower also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower [1] is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethicalor not correct within an organization that is either private or public. Externally, a whistleblower can bring allegations to light by contacting a third party outside of an accused organization such as the media, government, law enforcement, or those who are concerned.

Whistleblowers, however, take the risk of facing stiff reprisal and retaliation from those who are accused or alleged of wrongdoing. Because of this, a number of laws exist to protect whistleblowers. Some third party groups even offer protection to whistleblowers, but that protection can only go so far.

Whistleblowers face legal action, criminal charges, social stigma, and termination from any position, office, or job. Two other classifications of whistleblowing are private and public. The classifications relate to the type of organizations someone chooses to whistle-blow on: Depending on many factors, both can have varying results. However, whistleblowing in the public sector organization is more likely to result in criminal charges and possible custodial sentences.

A whistleblower who chooses to accuse a private sector organization or agency is more likely to face termination and legal and civil charges.

Deeper questions and theories of whistleblowing and why people choose to do so can be studied through an ethical approach. Whistleblowing is a topic of ongoing ethical debate.

Leading arguments in the ideological camp that whistleblowing is ethical maintain that whistleblowing is a form of civil disobedience, and aims to protect the public from government wrongdoing. Hundreds of laws grant protection to whistleblowers, but stipulations can easily cloud that protection and leave whistleblowers vulnerable to retaliation and legal trouble.

However, the decision and action has become far more complicated with recent advancements in technology and communication. Questions about the legitimacy of whistleblowing, the moral responsibility of whistleblowing, and the appraisal of the institutions of whistleblowing are part of the field of political ethics.

The word is linked to the use of a whistle to alert the public or a crowd about a bad situation, such as the commission of a crime or the breaking of rules during a game.

The phrase whistle blower attached itself to law enforcement officials in the 19th century because they used a whistle to alert the public or fellow police.

An story in the Janesville Gazette called a policeman who used his whistle to alert citizens about a riot a whistle blowerwithout the hyphen. By the yearthe phrase had become a hyphenated word, whistle-blower. The word began to be used by journalists in the s for people who revealed wrongdoing, such as Nader.

It eventually evolved into the compound word whistleblower. Most whistleblowers are internal whistleblowers, who report misconduct on a fellow employee or superior within their company through anonymous reporting mechanisms often called hotlines.

Anonymous reporting mechanismsas mentioned previously, help foster a climate whereby employees are more likely to report or seek guidance regarding potential or actual wrongdoing without fear of retaliation. The coming ISO — anti-bribery management systems standard, includes anonymous reporting as one of the criteria for the new standard.

External whistleblowers, however, report misconduct to outside persons or entities. In these cases, depending on the information's severity and nature, whistleblowers may report the misconduct to lawyersthe medialaw enforcement or watchdog agenciesor other local, state, or federal agencies. In some cases, external whistleblowing is encouraged by offering monetary reward.

The third party service involves utilizing an external agency to inform the individuals at the top of the organizational pyramid of misconduct, without disclosing the identity of the whistleblower. This is a relatively new phenomenon and has been developed due to whistleblower discrimination.

International Whistleblowers is an example of an organization involved in delivering a third party service for whistleblowers. An increasing number of companies and authorities use third party services in which the whistleblower is anonymous also towards the third party service provider.

This is possible via toll free phone numbers configured not to record the whistleblower origin call, and also through web solutions which apply asymmetrical encryption. Private sector whistleblowing, though not as high profile as public sector whistleblowing, is arguably more prevalent and suppressed in society today. An example of private sector whistleblowing is when an employee reports to someone in a higher position such as a manager, or a third party that is isolated from the individual chapter, such as their lawyer or the police.

In the private sector corporate groups can easily hide wrongdoings by individual branches. It is not until these wrongdoings bleed into the top officials that corporate wrongdoings are seen by the public.

Situations in which a person may blow the whistle are in cases of violated laws or company policy, such as sexual harassment or theft. These instances, nonetheless, are small compared to money laundering or fraud charges on the stock market. Whistleblowing in the private sector is typically not as high-profile or openly discussed in major news outlets, though occasionally, third parties expose human rights violations and exploitation of workers.

In an effort to overcome those fears, in Dodd—Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was put forth to provide great incentive to whistleblowers. For example, if a whistleblower gave information which could be used to legally recover over one million dollars; then they could receive ten to thirty percent of it. Despite government efforts to help regulate the private sector, the employees must still weigh their options. They either expose the company and stand the moral and ethical high ground; or expose the company, lose their job, their reputation and potentially the ability to be employed again.

According to a study at the University of Pennsylvania, out of three hundred whistleblowers studied, sixty nine percent of them had foregone that exact situation; and they were either fired or were forced to retire after taking the ethical high ground. It is outcomes like that which makes it all that much harder to accurately track how prevalent whistleblowing is in the private sector.

Recognizing the public value of whistleblowing has been increasing over the last 50 years. In the United States, both State and Federal statutes have been put in place to protect whistleblowers from retaliation. The United States Supreme Court ruled that public sector whistleblowers are protected under First Amendment rights from any job retaliation when they raise flags over alleged corruption.

Private sector whistleblowing protection laws were in place long before ones for the public sector. After many federal whistleblowers were scrutinized in high-profile media cases, laws were finally introduced to protect government whistleblowers.

These laws were enacted to help prevent corruption and encourage people to expose misconduct, illegal, or dishonest activity for the good of society. They most likely are fired because they are an at-will employeewhich means they can be fired without a reason. There are exceptions in place for whistleblowers who are at-will employees.

Even without a statute, numerous decisions encourage and protect whistleblowing on grounds of public policy. Statutes state that an employer shall not take any adverse employment actions any employee in retaliation for a good faith report of a whistleblowing action or cooperating in anyway in an investigation, proceeding, or lawsuit arising under said action.

In the federal civil service, the government is prohibited from taking, or threatening to take, any personnel action against an employee because the employee disclosed information that he or she reasonably believed showed a violation of law, gross mismanagement, and gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public safety or health.

To prevail on a claim, a federal employee must show that a protected disclosure was made, that the accused official knew of the disclosure, that retaliation resulted, and that there was a genuine connection between the retaliation and the employee's action. Individual harm, public trust damage, and a threat of national security are three categories of harm that may come to whistleblowers. Revealing whistleblower identities automatically puts their life in harm's way.

Especially with media outlets using words like "traitor" and "treason" to associate with whistleblowers. There are many countries around the world that associate treason with the death penalty, even though whoever allegedly committed treason may or may not have caused anyone physical harm.

A primary reason for the death penalty would be that they have potentially endangered an entire people, therefore being responsible for any harm to come as a result. Public trust dates back to the days of the Vietnam War.

Henry Kissinger once said that the purpose of "those who stole" the Pentagon Papers was to "undermine confidence in their government" and "raise doubts about our reliability in the minds of other governments, friend and foe, and indeed about the stability of our political system. Emotional strain on the accused from the whistle blower is also unconstrained. When a leader challenges a whistle blower, there is an automatic indictment of the leader's character.

Whistleblowers are sometimes seen as selfless martyrs for public interest and organizational accountability ; others view them as "traitors" or "defectors. Some academics such as Thomas Alured Faunce feel that whistleblowers should at least be entitled to a rebuttable presumption that they are attempting to apply ethical principles in the face of obstacles and that whistleblowing would be more respected in governance systems if it had a firmer academic basis in virtue ethics.

It is probable that many people do not even consider blowing the whistle, not only because of fear of retaliation, but also because of fear of losing their relationships at work and outside work. Employees in academia, business or government might become aware of serious risks to health and the environment, but internal policies might pose threats of retaliation to those who report these early warnings.

Private company employees in particular might be at risk of being fired, demoted, denied raises and so on for bringing environmental risks to the attention of appropriate authorities.

Government employees could be at a similar risk for bringing threats to health or the environment to public attention, although perhaps this is less likely. There are examples of "early warning scientists" being harassed for bringing inconvenient truths about impending harm to the notice of the public and authorities.

There have also been cases of young scientists being discouraged from entering controversial scientific fields for fear of harassment.

However, many whistleblowers report there exists a widespread " shoot the messenger " mentality by corporations or government agencies accused of misconduct and in some cases whistleblowers have been subjected to criminal prosecution in reprisal for reporting wrongdoing. As a reaction to this many private organizations have formed whistleblower legal defense funds or support groups to assist whistleblowers; three such examples are the National Whistleblowers Center [28] in the United Statesand Whistleblowers UK [29] and Public Concern at Work PCaW [30] in the United Kingdom.

Depending on the circumstances, it is not uncommon for whistleblowers to be ostracized by their co-workers, discriminated against by future potential employers, or even fired from their organization. This campaign directed at whistleblowers with the goal of eliminating them from the organization is referred to as mobbing. It is an extreme form of workplace bullying wherein the group is set against the targeted individual.

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There is limited research on the psychological impacts of whistle blowing. However, poor experiences of whistleblowing can cause a prolonged and prominent assault upon staff well being. As workers attempt to address concerns, they are often met with a wall of silence and hostility by management. As such, workers remain afraid to blow the whistle, in fear that they will not be believed or they have lost faith in believing that anything will happen if they do speak out.

Whistleblowers may also be disciplined, suspended and reported to professional bodies upon manufactured pretexts. Whistleblowers may also experience immense stress as a result of litigation regarding detriments such as unfair dismissal, which they often face lowest spread ecn forex broker imperfect support or no support at all from unions. Whistleblowers who continue to pursue their concerns may also face long battles with official bodies such as regulators and government departments.

This mistreatment also deters others from coming forward with concerns. Thus, poor practices remain hidden employee share option scheme ireland a wall of silence, and prevent any organization from experiencing the improvements that may be afforded by intelligent failure.

The definition of ethics is the moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior. The ethical implications of whistleblowing can be negative as well as positive. However, sometimes employees may blow the whistle as an act of revenge. Rosemary O'Leary explains this in her short volume on a topic called guerrilla government. Over the years, I have learned that the motivations driving guerrillas are diverse. The reasons for acting range from the altruistic doing the right thing to the seemingly petty I was passed over for that promotion.

Taken as a whole, their acts are as awe inspiring as saving human lives out of a love of humanity and as trifling as slowing the issuance of a report out of spite or interactive whiteboard maths games australian money. It is believed throughout the professional world that an individual is bound to secrecy within their work sector.

Discussions of whistleblowing and employee loyalty usually assume that the concept of loyalty is irrelevant to the issue or, more commonly, that whistleblowing involves a moral choice that pits the loyalty that an employee owes an employer against the employee's responsibility to serve the public interest.

Larmer describes the standard view of whistleblowing in the Journal of Business Ethics by explaining that an employee possesses prima facie based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise duties of loyalty and confidentiality to their employers and that whistleblowing cannot be justified except on the basis of a higher duty to the public good.

The ethics of Edward Snowden's actions have been widely discussed and debated in news media and academia worldwide. A person is diligently tasked with the conundrum of choosing to be loyal to the company or to blow the whistle on the company's wrongdoing. Discussions on whistleblowing generally revolve around three topics: Many whistleblowers have stated that they were motivated to take action to put an end to unethical practices, after witnessing injustices in their businesses or organizations.

The first metric involves a violation of the organization's bylaws or written ethical policies. These violations allow individuals to concretize and rationalize blowing the whistle. In these cases, whistleblowers have been criticized for best acoustic guitar for the money uk driven by personal biases.

In addition to ethics, social and organizational pressure are a motivating forces.

A study identified that individuals are more likely to blow the whistle when several others know about the wrongdoing, because they would otherwise fear consequences for keeping silent. Legal protection for whistleblowing blackberry stock market symbol lookup name from country to country and may depend on the country of the original activity, where and how secrets were revealed, and how they eventually became published or publicized.

Over a dozen countries have now adopted comprehensive whistleblower protection laws that create mechanisms for reporting wrongdoing and provide legal protections to whistleblowers. Over 50 countries have adopted more limited protections as part of their anti-corruption, freedom of information, or employment laws. To be a whistleblower takes bravery. Barry Adams explains the options as, "The list of negative consequences to whistleblowing seems endless: The consequences vary from a corporate whistleblower to federal whistleblower.

The 1st and 14th amendment protects to an extent and guarantees protection for practical allegations from retaliation. Retrieved March 30,from http: There are laws in a number of states. Whistleblowers Australia is an association for those who have exposed corruption or any form of malpractice, especially if they were then hindered or abused. The Office of the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner of Canada PSIC provides a safe and confidential mechanism enabling public servants and the general public to disclose wrongdoings committed in the public sector.

It also protects from reprisal public servants who have disclosed wrongdoing and those who have cooperated in investigations. The Office's goal is to enhance public confidence in Canada's federal public institutions and in the integrity of public servants. Mandated by the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act The ActPSIC is a permanent and independent Agent of Parliament. The Act, which came into force on April 15,applies to most of the federal public sector, approximatelypublic servants.

Not all disclosures lead to an investigation as the Act sets out the jurisdiction of the Commissioner and gives the option not to investigate under certain circumstances. On the other hand, if PSIC conducts an investigation and finds no wrongdoing was committed, the Commissioner must report his findings to the discloser and to the organization's chief executive. Also, reports of founded wrongdoing are presented before the House of Commons and the Senate in accordance with The Act.

As of Junea total of 9 reports have been tabled in Parliament. The Act also established the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Tribunal PSDPT to protect public servants by hearing reprisal complaints referred by the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner. The Tribunal can grant remedies in favour of complainants and order disciplinary action against persons who take reprisals. PSIC's current Commissioner is Mr. Previously, he has served how to make money on qmee various senior roles in the public service, including as Associate Deputy Minister of Justice, Executive Director and Deputy Head of the Office of Indian Residential Schools Resolution of Canada, and as Chair of the National Parole Board.

In Jamaicathe Protected Disclosures Act, [70] received assent in March It creates a comprehensive system for the protection of whistleblowers in the public and private sector.

It is based on the Public Interest Disclosure Act The Government of India has been considering adopting a whistleblower protection law for several years. Inthe Law Commission of India recommended the adoption of the Public Interest Disclosure Protection of Informers Act, The Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Persons Making the Disclosures Bill, was renamed as The Whistleblowers' Protection Bill, by the Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice.

The Whistle Blowers Protection Act, has received the Presidential assent on May 9, and the same has been subsequently published in the official gazette of the Government of India on May 9, by the Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. The government of Ireland committed to adopting a comprehensive whistleblower protection law in January The bill reportedly covers both the public and private sectors. The Netherlands has measures in place to mitigate the risks of whistleblowing: Dutch media organizations also provide whistleblower support; on forex data feed for amibroker September [76] a number of major Dutch media outlets supported the launch of Publeakswhich provides a secure website for people to leak wedding dress shops bolton lancashire to the media.

Publeaks is designed to protect whistleblowers. It operates on the GlobaLeaks software developed by the Hermes Center for Impots plus value stock options and Digital Human Rightswhich supports whistleblower-oriented technologies internationally.

The Swiss Council of States agreed on a draft amendment of the Swiss Code of Obligations in September The draft introduces articles a bis to a septies32 d. Article a ter introduces an obligation on employees to report irregularities to their employer before reporting to an virtual trading nifty options. An employee will, however, not breach his duty of good faith if he reports an irregularity to an authority and.

Article a quarter provides that an employee may exceptionally directly report to an authority. Exceptions apply in cases. The draft does not improve on protection against dismissal for employees who report irregularities to their employer. Whistleblowing in the United Kingdom is subject to the Public Interest Disclosure Act PIDA The Freedom to Speak Up Review set out 20 principles to bring about improvements to help whistleblowers in the NHSincluding: Monitor produced a whistleblowing policy in November that all NHS organizations in England are obliged to follow.

It explicitly says that anyone bullying or acting against a whistleblower could be potentially liable to disciplinary action. Whistleblowing tradition in the United States started with Benjamin Franklin leaking a few letters Hutchinson had written to Thomas Whatelyresulting in the American Revolution.

To be considered a whistleblower in the United Statesmost federal whistleblower statutes require that federal employees have reason to believe their employer violated some law, rule, bagaimana cara bermain saham forex regulation; testify or commence a legal proceeding on the legally protected matter; or refuse to violate the law.

In cases where whistleblowing on a specified topic is protected by statute, U. Supreme Court decision, Garcetti v. Ceballos held that the First Amendment free speech guarantees for government employees do not protect disclosures made within the scope of the employees' duties.

In the 777 binary options on golden goose States, legal protections vary according to employee share option scheme ireland subject matter of the whistleblowing, and sometimes the state where the case arises. The first US law adopted specifically to protect whistleblowers was the United States False Claims Act revised inwhich tried to combat fraud by suppliers of the United States government during the American Civil War.

The Act encourages whistleblowers by promising them a percentage of the money recovered by the government and by protecting them from employment retaliation. Another US law that specifically protects whistleblowers is the Lloyd—La Follette Act of It guaranteed the right of federal employees to furnish information to the United States Congress.

The first US environmental law to include an employee protection was the Clean Water Act of Similar protections were included in subsequent federal environmental laws, including the Safe Drinking Water ActResource Conservation and Recovery ActToxic Substances Control Act ofEnergy Reorganization Act of through amendment to protect nuclear whistleblowersComprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act CERCLA, or the Superfund Lawand the Clean Air Act Similar employee protections enforced through OSHA are included in the Surface Transportation Assistance Act to protect truck drivers, the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act PSIA ofthe Wendell H.

Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century "AIR 21"and the Sarbanes—Oxley Act, enacted on July 30, buy rsh stock corporate fraud whistleblowers.

Investigation of retaliation against whistleblowers under 20 federal statutes falls under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Whistleblower Protection Program [86] of the United States Department of Labor's [87] Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA. The patchwork of laws means that victims of retaliation need to be aware of the laws at issue to determine the deadlines and means for making proper complaints.

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Some deadlines are as short as 10 days Arizona State Employees have 10 days to file a "Prohibited Personnel Practice" Complaint before the Arizona State Personnel Boardwhile others are up to days.

Those who report a false claim against the federal government, and suffer adverse employment actions as a result, may have up to six years depending on state law to file a civil suit for remedies under the US Jlodge work from home Claims Act FCA.

However, the "original source" must also be the first to file a federal civil complaint for recovery of the federal funds fraudulently obtained, and must avoid publicizing the claim of fraud until the US Justice Department decides whether to prosecute the claim itself. Such qui tam lawsuits must be filed under seal, using special procedures to keep the claim from becoming public until the federal government makes its decision on direct prosecution.

The Espionage Act of has been used to prosecute whistleblowers in the United States including Edward Snowden and Chelsea Manning.

InManning was convicted of violating the Espionage Act and sentenced to 35 years in prison for leaking sensitive military documents to WikiLeaks.

Section of the Dodd—Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Dodd-Frank in the United States incentivizes and protects whistleblowers. Additionally, Dodd-Frank offers job security to whistleblowers by illegalizing termination or discrimination due to whistleblowing.

The federally recognized National Whistleblower Appreciation Day is observed annually on July 30th, on the anniversary of the country's original whistleblower protection law. There are comprehensive laws in New Zealand and South Africa. A number of other countries have recently adopted comprehensive whistleblower laws including GhanaSouth Koreaand Uganda.

They are also being considered in Kenya and Rwanda. The European Court of Human Rights ruled in that whistleblowing was protected as freedom of expression. And in FebruaryNigeria also set up the whistleblowing policy against corruption and other ills in the country.

Many NGOs advocate for stronger and more comprehensive legal rights and protections for whistleblowers. Among them are the Government Accountability Project GAPBlueprint for Free SpeechPublic Concern at Work PCaW and the Open Democracy Advice Center ODAC.

Among the more publicly visible whistleblower activists are Thomas M. Devine of GAP, Cathy James of PCaW, Mark Worth of Blueprint for Free Speech.

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Whistleblowers that may be at risk of those they are exposing are now using encryption methods and anonymous content sharing software to protect their identity. Tora highly accessible anonymity network, is one that is frequently used by whistleblowers around the world. Recently specialized whistleblowing software like SecureDrop and GlobaLeaks has been built on top of the Tor technology in order to incentivate and simplify its adoption for secure whistleblowing.

Inthe rock band Thrice released a song titled "Whistleblower" off of the album To Be Everywhere Is to Be Nowhere. The song is written from the perspective of Snowden. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Whistleblower disambiguation. For whistleblower protection in the United States, see Whistleblower protection in the United States.

Whistleblower protection in Australia. Whistleblower protection in India. Whistleblower protection in the United States. Informant Supergrass informer Benetech Martus Complaint system Conflict of interest ECC: Leniency policy False Claims Act Informant Nuclear whistleblowers List of nuclear whistleblowers List of whistleblowers Misplaced loyalty Organizational retaliatory behavior SEC Office of the Whistleblower Shooting the messenger TrumpiLeaks a website to solicit leaks of material about the U.

Freedom of speech portal Business and economics portal Journalism portal Politics portal. Whistleblowing and Organizational Social Responsibility: The case of whistle-blowing".

Journal of Business Ethics. Journal of Social Philosophy. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. Social Theory and Practice. New Scientist 9 Dec. Retrieved 27 January Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Strategies for Mutual Gainby Lavinia Hall ed. Check date values in: Where am I wearing?

Ethical Decision Making and Case 10th Edition. Ferrell, John Fraedich, Linda Ferrell. Renewing legal and virtue ethics foundations". Journal of Medicine and Law26 3: Getting People to Come Forward in Conflict Management Systems," in Negotiations and Change, From the Workplace to SocietyThomas Kochan and Richard Locke edsCornell University Press, The emotional sequelae of whistleblowing: Journal of Clinical Nursing, Workplace bullying after whistleblowing: Future research and implications.

The Ethics of Dissent: Journal of Business Ehtics. When misconduct goes unnoticed: The acceptability of gradual erosion in others' unethical behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45 4 The Influence of the Ethical Culture of Organizations on Employee Responses to Observed Wrongdoing". A conceptualization and model. Governing With Integrity and Effectiveness".

The American Review of Public Administration. A qualitative analysis of observer attitudes in the decision to report versus not report unethical behavior".

Journal of Applied Communication Research. A Social Context Perspective". The Academy of Management Journal. A Social Information Processing Framework". The Academy of Management Review.

A grid group cultural theory perspective". DEBATING THE FRONTIERS BETWEEN STATE, MARKET AND SOCIETY, I. Office of the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner. Retrieved 16 June Retrieved 22 February Retrieved 24 February Retrieved 22 October Retrieved 23 October Retrieved 18 December A Comparative Analysis of the Dodd-Frank Whistleblower Bounty Program".

Companies Cannot Stifle Whistleblowers in Confidentiality Agreements". Addressing Employer Agreements To Discourage Whistleblowing". Scalable Anonymous Communication Using Private Information Retrieval. Retrieved 27 November Apps Like Whisper and Secret Will Rat You Out". Retrieved April 25, Absenteeism Abusive supervision Aggression Bullying Conflict Control freak Counterproductive behaviour Coworker backstabbing Culture of fear Cyber-aggression Democracy Deviance Discrimination Diversity Divide and rule Emotions Employee engagement Employee monitoring Employee morale Employee silence Employee surveys Empowerment Evaluation Feminisation Fit in or fuck off Friendship Gender inequality Gossip Happiness Harassment Health surveillance Humor Incivility Intervention Jargon Kick the cat Kiss up kick down Listening Machiavellianism Micromanagement Mobbing Narcissism Office politics Performance appraisal Personality clash Phobia Positive psychology Privacy Probation Profanity Psychopathy Queen bee syndrome Rat race Relationships Revenge Role conflict Romance Sabotage Safety and health Spirituality Staff turnover Strategy Stress Toxic workplace Training Undermining Violence Wellness Work—family conflict Workload.

Corporation Employment Factory Job Office Organization Whistleblower. Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Employment. Abusive supervision Cyberbullying Disability bullying Gay bashing Hazing Military bullying Mobbing Parental bullying of children Passive aggression Peer victimization Prison bullying Rankism Relational aggression School bullying Sexual bullying Workplace bullying Academia Higher education Information technology Legal aspects Legal profession Medicine Nursing Teaching.

Betrayal Blacklisting Bullying and emotional intelligence Bullying culture Character assassination Control Coercion Climate of fear Defamation Destabilisation Discrediting Embarrassment False accusation Gaslighting Gossip Harassment Humiliation Incivility Innuendo Insult Intimidation Isolation Kiss up kick down Mind games Moving the goalposts Nagging Name calling Personal attacks Psychological abuse Physical abuse Rudeness Sarcasm School pranks Setting up to fail Silent treatment Smear campaign Social undermining Taunting Teasing Whispering campaign Workplace incivility Verbal abuse Yelling.

Act Against Bullying Ditch the Label Bullying UK It Gets Better Project Kidscape GRIN Campaign Jer's Vision. Andrea Adams Louise Burfitt-Dons Tim Field SuEllen Fried Heinz Leymann Gary Namie Kenneth Westhues Liam Hackett.

Anti-Bullying Day Anti-Bullying Week International STAND UP to Bullying Day Anti-bullying legislation International Day of Pink. Kelly Yeomans Dawn-Marie Wesley Nicola Ann Raphael Ryan Halligan Megan Meier Tyler Clementi Phoebe Prince Jamey Rodemeyer Jamie Hubley Kenneth Weishuhn Amanda Todd Audrie Pott Jadin Bell Rehtaeh Parsons Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold ColumbineJeff Weise Red LakeElliot Rodger Isla Vista Control freak Complex post-traumatic stress disorder Dehumanization Depression Emotional blackmail Machiavellianism in the workplace Narcissism in the workplace Personal boundaries Personality disorders Psychological manipulation Psychological projection Psychological trauma Psychopathy in the workplace Scapegoating Self-esteem Suicide among LGBT youth Sycophancy Victim blaming Victim playing Victimisation Whistleblowing.

Corporate crime Corruption in local government Interest group corruption Police corruption Political corruption. Global Financial Integrity Global Witness Group of States Against Corruption International Anti-Corruption Academy Mo Ibrahim Foundation Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative World Bank StAR Transparency International UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations.

Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill pending Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Freedom of information laws by country Integrity and Prevention of Corruption Act The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, UK Bribery Act of Whistleblower protection. Inter-American Convention Against Corruption International asset recovery International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities OECD Anti-Bribery Convention United Nations Convention against Corruption.

Baksheesh Crony capitalism Cronyism Electoral fraud Fraud Gerrymandering Honest services fraud Kickback Noble cause corruption Political scandal Professional courtesy Regulatory capture State capture Voter suppression. Black market Bribery Collusion Match fixing Rent-seeking Tax haven. Casual Contingent Full-time Part-time Self-employed Skilled Independent contractor Temporary Tenure Unskilled Wage labour. Co-op Employee Employer Internship Job Permanent Permatemp Supervisor Volunteer.

Blue-collar Gold-collar Green-collar Grey-collar Pink-collar White-collar. Apprenticeship Avocation Career assessment Career counseling Career development Coaching Creative class Education Continuing education Continuing professional development E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Initial Professional Development Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Practice-based professional learning Professional association Professional certification Professional development Professional school Reflective practice Retraining Vocational education Vocational school Vocational university Mentorship Occupational Outlook Handbook Practice firm Profession Tradesman Vocation.

Break Career break Furlough Gap year Leave of absence Long service leave No call, no show Sabbatical Sick leave Time clock. Four-day week Eight-hour day Flextime Overtime Retroactive overtime Shift work Telecommuting Working time Workweek and weekend. Income bracket Income tax Living wage Maximum wage National average salary World Europe Minimum wage Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Progressive wage Singapore Overtime rate Paid time off Performance-related pay Salary Salary cap Working poor.

Annual leave Casual Friday Day care Disability insurance Health insurance Life insurance Parental leave Pension Sick leave Take-home vehicle.

Epilepsy and employment Human factors and ergonomics Industrial noise Protective clothing Occupational burnout Occupational disease Occupational exposure limit Occupational health psychology Occupational injury Occupational stress Repetitive strain injury Sick building syndrome Work accident Occupational fatality Workers' compensation Workplace phobia Workplace wellness. Affirmative action Equal pay for women. Corporate abuse Accounting scandals Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Control fraud Corporate scandals Discrimination Dress code Employee handbook Employee monitoring Evaluation Labour law Sexual harassment Sleeping while on duty Wage theft Whistleblower Workplace bullying Workplace harassment Workplace incivility.

Civil conscription Conscription Dead-end job Extreme careerism Job satisfaction Organizational commitment McJob Refusal of work Slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck system Unfree labour Wage slavery Workaholic Work aversion Work ethic Work—life balance Downshifting Slow living. At-will employment Dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Employee exit management Exit interview Layoff Notice period Pink slip Resignation Letter of resignation Restructuring Retirement Mandatory retirement Retirement age Severance package Golden handshake Golden parachute Turnover.

Barriers to Employment Depression Great Depression Long Depression Discouraged worker Frictional unemployment Full employment Graduate unemployment Involuntary unemployment Jobless recovery Phillips curve Recession Great Recession Great Recession job losses List of recessions Recession-proof job Reserve army of labour Types of unemployment Unemployment Convention Unemployment benefits Unemployment extension Unemployment insurance Unemployment rates Employment rates Employment-to-population ratio Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Wage curve Youth unemployment.

See also templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Organized labor. Retrieved from " https: Whistleblowers Whistleblowing Anti-corporate activism Dissent Freedom of expression Freedom of speech Grounds for termination of employment Labour law Political terminology United States federal labor legislation Workplace bullying Words coined in the s.

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